| style="width:300px;" | Modeling small and short dielectric material inserts inside substrate layers
| style="width:150px;" | Only surface objects
|-
| style="width:30px;" | [[File:Virt_group_icon.png]]
| style="width:250px;" | [[Glossary of EM.Cube's Materials, Sources, Devices & Other Physical Object Types#Virtual_Object_Group | Virtual Object]]
| style="width:300px;" | Used for representing non-physical items
| style="width:150px;" | All types of objects
|}
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<td> [[Image:PMOM85(1)PMOM85new.png|thumb|left|600px|The current distribution map of a patch antenna.]] </td>
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=== Exciting Periodic Structures as Radiators in EM.Picasso ===
When a periodic planar structure is excited using a gap or probe source, it acts like an infinite periodic phased array. All the periodic replicas of the unit cell structure are excited. You can even impose a phase progression across the infinite array to steer its beam. You can do this from the property dialog of the gap or probe source. At the bottom of the '''Planar Gap Circuit Source Dialog''' or '''Probe Gap Source Dialog''', there is a section button titled '''Periodic Beam Scan Angles...'''. You can enter desired values for '''Theta''' and '''Phi''' beam scan angles in degrees. To visualize the radiation patterns of a beam-steered antenna array, you have to define a finite-sized array factor in the Radiation Pattern dialog. You do this in the '''Impose Array Factor''' section of this dialog. The values of '''Element Spacing''' along the X and Y directions must be set equal to the value of '''Periodic Lattice Spacing''' along those directions.
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<td> [[Image:Period5.png|thumb|350px|Setting periodic scan angles in EM.Picasso's Gap Source dialog.]] </td>
<td> [[Image:Period5_ang.png|thumb|350px|Setting the beam scan angles in Periodic Scan Angles dialog.]] </td>
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<td> [[Image:Period6.png|thumb|350px|Setting the array factor in EM.Picasso's Radiation Pattern dialog.]] </td>
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[[Image:PMOM102.png|thumb|400px580px|A periodic planar layered structure with slot traces excited by a normally incident plane wave source.]]
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[[EM.Cube]]'s Planar Modules also allows you to run an adaptive frequency sweep of periodic surfaces excited by a plane wave source. In this case, the planar MoM engine calculates the reflection and transmission coefficients of the periodic surface. Note that you can conceptually consider a periodic surface as a two-port network, where Port 1 is the top half-space and Port 2 is the bottom half-space. In that case, the reflection coefficient R is equivalent to S<sub>11</sub> parameter, while the transmission coefficient T is equivalent to S<sub>21</sub> parameter. This is, of course, the case when the periodic surface is illuminated by the plane wave source from the top half-space, corresponding to 90°< θ = 180°. You can also illuminate the periodic surface by the plane wave source from the bottom half-space, corresponding to 0° = θ < 90°. In this case, the reflection coefficient R and transmission coefficient T are equivalent to S<sub>22</sub> and S<sub>12</sub> parameters, respectively. Having these interpretations in mind, [[EM.Cube]] enables the "'''Adaptive Frequency Sweep'''" option of the '''Frequency Settings Dialog''' when your planar structure has a periodic domain together with a plane wave source.
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=== Modeling Finite-Sized Periodic Arrays ===
[[Image:Info_icon.png|40px]] Click here to learn about '''[[Modeling Finite-Sized Periodic Arrays Using NCCBF Technique]]'''.
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