:<math>
D_0 = \frac{4\pi [S(\theta,\phi)]_{max}}{P_{rad}} =
\frac{ 4\pi \leftbig| \mathbf{E^{ff}}(\theta,\phi) \rightbig|^2 |_{max} }{ \int\limits_0^{2\pi} \int\limits_0^{\pi} \leftbig| \mathbf{E^{ff}}(\theta,\phi) \rightbig|^2 \sin\theta \,d\theta \,d\phi }
</math>
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