|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their computational domain and boundary condition types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Domain Type
! scope="col"| Domain Boundary Conditions
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:350px;" | Finite box
| style="width:250px;" | PEC, PMC, PML
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space with optional half-space ground
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:350px;" | Finite box
| style="width:250px;" | Dirichlet & Neuman
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary with multilayer background medium
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their excitation source and lumped device types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Excitation/Sources
! scope="col"| Lumped Devices
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:350px;" | Lumped and distributed sources, plane wave, Gaussian beam, arbitrary waveform
| style="width:250px;" | Passive and active, linear and nonlinear devices and circuits
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:350px;" | Transmitters, Hertzian dipoles
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:350px;" | Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:270px;" | Charge, current and permanent magnet
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:350px;" | Gap source, wave port, Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | Simple passive RLC lumped elements
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:350px;" | Gap source, Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | Simple passive RLC lumped elements
|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their observable types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Observables
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:450px;" | Near-field, far-field, RCS, periodic R/T, S/Z/Y parameters, port current/voltage/power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:450px;" | Far-field & received power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:450px;" | Far-field & RCS
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:450px;" | Electric or magnetic field & potential, voltage, current, energy, power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:450px;" | Current distribution, far-field, periodic R/T, S/Z/Y parameters
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:450px;" | Current distribution, far-field, RCS, S/Z/Y parameters
|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their mesh generator types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Mesh Type
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:450px;" | Adaptive and fixed-cell volumetric brick mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:450px;" | Triangular facet mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:450px;" | Triangular surface mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:450px;" | Fixed-cell volumetric brick mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:450px;" | Hybrid rectangular-triangular surface mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:450px;" | Wireframe and triangular surface mesh
|}
== The Geometrical Construction of the Physical Structure ==
== Defining the Computation Domain & Boundary Conditions in EM.Cube ==
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their computational domain and boundary condition types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Domain Type
! scope="col"| Domain Boundary Conditions
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:350px;" | Finite box
| style="width:250px;" | PEC, PMC, PML
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space with optional half-space ground
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:350px;" | Finite box
| style="width:250px;" | Dirichlet & Neuman
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary with multilayer background medium
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:350px;" | Open-boundary free space
| style="width:250px;" | Radiation BC
|}
| [[EM.Ferma]]
|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their excitation source and lumped device types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Excitation/Sources
! scope="col"| Lumped Devices
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:350px;" | Lumped and distributed sources, plane wave, Gaussian beam, arbitrary waveform
| style="width:250px;" | Passive and active, linear and nonlinear devices and circuits
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:350px;" | Transmitters, Hertzian dipoles
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:350px;" | Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:270px;" | Charge, current and permanent magnet
| style="width:250px;" | N/A
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:350px;" | Gap source, wave port, Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | Simple passive RLC lumped elements
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:350px;" | Gap source, Hertzian dipole, plane wave, Huygens source
| style="width:250px;" | Simple passive RLC lumped elements
|}
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== Defining Simulation Observables in EM.Cube ==
| [[EM.Terrano]]
|}
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their observable types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Observables
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:450px;" | Near-field, far-field, RCS, periodic R/T, S/Z/Y parameters, port current/voltage/power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:450px;" | Far-field & received power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:450px;" | Far-field & RCS
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:450px;" | Electric or magnetic field & potential, voltage, current, energy, power
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:450px;" | Current distribution, far-field, periodic R/T, S/Z/Y parameters
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:450px;" | Current distribution, far-field, RCS, S/Z/Y parameters
|}
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== Discretizing a Physical Structure Using a Mesh Generator in EM.Cube ==
The accuracy of the numerical solution of an electromagnet problem depends greatly on the quality and resolution of the generated mesh. As a rule of thumb, a mesh density of about 10-30 cells per effective wavelength usually yields satisfactory results. Yet, for structures with lots of fine geometrical details or for highly resonant structures, higher mesh densities may be required. Also, the particular simulation data that you seek in a project also influence your choice of mesh resolution. For example, far field characteristics like radiation patterns are less sensitive to the mesh density than the near-field distributions on a structure with a highly irregular shape and a rugged boundary.
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The table below compares [[EM.Cube]]'s computational modules with regards to their mesh generator types:
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Module Name
! scope="col"| Mesh Type
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Tempo]]
| style="width:450px;" | Adaptive and fixed-cell volumetric brick mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Terrano]]
| style="width:450px;" | Triangular facet mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Illumina]]
| style="width:450px;" | Triangular surface mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Ferma]]
| style="width:450px;" | Fixed-cell volumetric brick mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Picasso]]
| style="width:450px;" | Hybrid rectangular-triangular surface mesh
|-
! scope="row"| [[EM.Libera]]
| style="width:450px;" | Wireframe and triangular surface mesh
|}
<p> </p>