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A lumped source is the most commonly used way of exciting a structure in EM.Tempo. A lumped source is an ideal source that must be placed on a line object that is parallel to one of the three principal axes and shows up as a small red arrow on the host line. Lumped sources are typically used to define ports and compute the port characteristics like S/Y/Z [[parameters]]. Using simple lumped sources, you can simulate a variety of transmission line structures in [[EM.Tempo]] including filters, couplers or antenna feeds. This approach may become less accurate at very high frequencies when the details of the feed structures become important and can no longer be modeled with highly localized lumped ports. In such cases, it is recommended to use “Distributed Sources”, which utilize accurate modal field distributions at the ports for calculation of the incident and reflected waves. Waveguide source is used to excite the dominant TE₁₀ mode of a hollow rectangular waveguide. Waveguide sources typically provide more accurate results for scattering [[parameters]] of waveguide structures compared to lumped sources as they represent the actual dominant propagating modes at the transmission line ports.

[[Image:Info_icon.png|40px]] Click here to learn more about '''[[Common_Excitation_Source_Types_in_EM.Cube#Using_Lumped_Sources_to_Model_Transmission_Line_Feeds Modeling_Coupled_Ports | Using Lumped Sources to Model Transmission Line FeedsModeling Coupled Ports]]'''.